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Sample 10

To illustrate his point about paradigm shifts, Stephen Covey reminds readers about Copernicus disproving Ptolemy's theory that the sun moves around the earth and how that changed how humanity saw itself.

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Since the student learned this information from reading Memering and Palmer, he or she needs to credit that source. As the passage is, it appears as if the student is paraphrasing Stephen Covey. Since the student's source material is from Memering and Palmer, someone seeking more information from this source would be misled when trying to find the source reference. In truth, strong research writing would avoid such indirect use of information.  The student writer would do better to find an original source by Stephen Covey and work from it directly.

 

Note: Source material used below is different from the samples 6-8.

Original Source Material:

Covey cites familiar examples of paradigm shifts in science: when Copernicus placed the sun at the center of the universe (not the earth as Ptolemy had argued) and when Einstein's relativity theory replaced Newton's theory of physics.

The correct MLA citation for the original source material is as follows:

Memering, Dean and William Palmer,eds. Discovering Arguments: An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Writing with Readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
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